Cancer Medicine is the best known and respected work in the field of oncology and was the first comprehensive textbook devoted to reporting and assessing the rapid and continuous development in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Cancer Medicine is widely recognized as a leading reference resource for medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, internists, surgical oncologists, and others who treat cancer patients. Cancer Medicine e.5 continues this high standard while providing updated information in all areas of oncology - including molecular biology, pathology, imaging interventional radiology, endoscopy, surgical oncology, radiation oncology, and medical oncology.

Contents

• Editors
• Contributors
• Preface
• Section 1. Cancer Biology
  • Chapter 1. Molecular Biology
    Barrett J Rollins, MD, Todd R Golub, MD, Kornelia Polyak, MD, and Charles D Stiles, PhD.
    • Overview: Gene Structure
    • General Techniques
    • Gene Analysis: DNA
    • Gene Expression: MRNA Transcript Analysis
    • Gene Expression: Protein Analysis
    • Miscellany
    • References
  • Chapter 2. Cell Proliferation, Differentiation, and Apoptosis
    Michael Andreeff, MD, David W Goodrich, MD, and Arthur B Pardee, MD.
    • Proliferation
    • Differentiation
    • Apoptosis
    • References
  • Chapter 3. Growth Factor Signal Transduction in Cancer
    Paolo Fedi, MD, Alec Kimmelman, MD, and Stuart A Aaronson, MD.
    • Background
    • Growth Factor Receptors with Tyrosine Kinase Activity
    • Classification of Growth Factors and Their Receptors
    • Abnormalities Associated with Growth Factors in Cancer Cells
    • Aberrations Affecting GrowthFactor Receptors in Tumor Cells
    • Signaling Pathways of Tyrosine Kinase Receptors
    • Implications for Cancer Therapy
    • References
  • Chapter 4. Oncogenes
    Marco A Pierotti, MD, Steven A Schichman, MD, Gabriella Sozzi, and Carlo M Croce, MD.
    • Discovery and Identification of Oncogenes
    • Mechanisms of Oncogene Activation
    • Oncogenes in the Initiation and Progression of Neoplasia
    • Summary and Conclusions
    • References
  • Chapter 5. Tumor Suppressor Gene Defects in Human Cancer
    Eric R Fearon, MD and Bert Vogelstein, MD.
    • Genetic Basis for Tumor Development
    • Somatic Cell Genetic Studies of Tumorigenesis
    • Retinoblastoma—A Paradigm for Tumor Suppressor Gene Function
    • The p53 Gene
    • The INK4a Locus and the p16^INK4a and p19^ARF Genes
    • The APC Gene
    • The BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes
    • The WT1 Gene
    • The NF1 and NF2 Genes
    • The VHL Gene
    • DNA Repair Pathway Genes
    • Candidate Tumor Suppressor Genes
    • Summary
    • References
  • Chapter 6. Recurring Chromosome Rearrangements in Human Cancer
    Olufunmilayo I Olopade, MD, Olatoyosi M Sobulo, MD, and Janet D Rowley, MD.
    • Myeloproliferative Disorders
    • Malignant Lymphoproliferative Diseases
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • Chapter 7. Biochemistry of Cancer
    Raymond W Ruddon, MD.
    • Historical Perspectives
    • What Makes a Cancer Cell a Cancer Cell?
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Chapter 8. Invasion and Metastases
    Lance A Liotta, MD and Elise C Kohn, MD.
    • Tumor–Host and Tumor–Stromal Interactions
    • Adhesion
    • Proteolysis
    • Tumor Cell Migration
    • Angiogenesis
    • Genetic Regulation of Invasion and Metastasis
    • Novel Technologies for Identification of Metastasis and Invasion-Promoting Genes and Gene Products
    • Metastasis as a Therapeutic Target
    • Summary
    • References
  • Chapter 9. Tumor Angiogenesis
    Judah Folkman, MD.
    • Dependence of Tumors on Angiogenesis: The Beginning of the Field of Angiogenesis Research
    • Summary and Future Directions
    • References
• Section 2. Tumor Immunology
  • Chapter 10. Tumor Immunology
    Jeffrey Schlom, PhD and Scott I Abrams, PhD.
    • Targets for Immunotherapy
    • Issues
    • Problem Areas in Immunotherapy
    • Cancer Vaccines
    • Antibody Therapy
    • Adoptive Transfer
    • Cytokines
    • Conclusion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
• Section 3. Cancer Etiology
  • Chapter 11. Genetic Predisposition to Cancer
    Marcia S Brose, MD, Tom Smyrk, MD, Barbara Weber, MD, and Henry T Lynch, MD.
    • Genetic Basis of Cancer Syndromes
    • Cancer-Associated Genodermatoses
    • Other Cancers with Familial Clusterings
    • Application
    • Conclusions/Future Directions
    • References
  • Chapter 12. Chemical Carcinogenesis
    Ainsley Weston, PhD and Curtis C Harris, MD.
    • Multi-stage Carcinogenesis
    • Gene–Environment Interactions and Interindividual Variation
    • Carcinogen Metabolism
    • DNA Damage and Repair
    • Biologic Response to Tumor Promoters
    • Oncogenes and Tumor-Suppressor Genes
    • Clonal Evolution
    • Chemical and Viral Interactions
    • Implications for Molecular Epidemiology, Risk Assessment, and Cancer Prevention
    • References
  • Chapter 13. Hormones and the Etiology of Cancer
    Brian E Henderson, MD, Leslie Bernstein, PhD, and Ronald K Ross, MD.
    • Breast Cancer
    • Endometrial Cancer
    • Ovarian Cancer
    • Prostate Cancer
    • Adolescent and Young Adult Genital Cancer
    • Cervical Cancer
    • Thyroid Cancer
    • Osteosarcoma
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 14. Ionizing Radiation
    John B Little, MD.
    • Development of Radiation Injury
    • Principal Cellular and Tissue Effects of Radiation
    • Neoplastic Transformation in Vitro by Radiation
    • Stages in Neoplastic Transformation
    • Molecular Mechanisms
    • Experimental Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis
    • Human Epidemiologic Studies
    • Risk Assessment
    • References
  • Chapter 15. Ultraviolet Radiation Carcinogenesis
    James E Cleaver, PhD and David L Mitchell, PhD.
    • Historical Perspective
    • Epidemiology
    • Genetic Factors in Skin Carcinogenesis
    • Xeroderma Pigmentosum
    • Cockayne Syndrome
    • Trichothiodystrophy
    • Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome and Basal Cell Cancers
    • Familial melanoma
    • Carcinogenesis
    • References
  • Chapter 16. Physical Carcinogens
    Cesare Maltoni, MD, Franco Minardi, MD, and James F Holland, MD.
    • Known Physical Carcinogens
    • Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis
    • Electromagnetic Fields
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • Chapter 17. Trauma and Inflammation
    John F Gaeta, MD.
    • Mechanisms Of Possible Traumatic Causation
    • Interactions of Trauma and Tissue Repair
    • References
  • Chapter 18. Tumor Viruses
    Howard A Fine, MD and Joseph G Sodroski, MD.
    • Classification
    • Structure
    • Life Cycle
    • Mechanisms of Oncogenesis
    • Immunodeficiency
    • Endogenous Retroviruses
    • Retroviral Vectors
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 19. Herpesviruses
    Jeffrey I Cohen, MD.
    • Properties of Herpesviruses
    • Oncogenic Features of Herpesviruses
    • Epstein-Barr Virus: An Oncogenic Human Herpesvirus
    • Human Herpesvirus 8 and Malignancies
    • Oncogenic Potential of Other Human Herpesviruses
    • References
  • Chapter 20. Papillomaviruses and Cervical Neoplasia
    Catherine M McLachlin, MD and Christopher P Crum, MD.
    • Definitions, Mechanisms, and Pathobiology of Genital HPV Infection
    • HPV and Human Genital Neoplasia
    • References
  • Chapter 21. Hepatitis Viruses
    Max W Sung, MD, Swan N Thung, MD, and George Acs, MD.
    • Hepatitis A Virus
    • Hepatitis B Virus
    • Hepatitis C Virus
    • Hepatitis D Virus
    • Hepatitis E Virus
    • Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology: the Role of the HFV, HGV, and TTV
    • Clinical Significance of Viral Hepatitis to Hepatocellular Carcinoma
    • References
  • Chapter 22. Parasites
    Piero Mustacchi, MD.
    • Schistosomiasis and Cancer of the Bladder
    • Schistosomiasis and Cancer of Other Sites
    • East Asian Distomiasis
    • Malaria
    • American Burkitt’s Lymphoma
    • Cancer in Animals
    • References
• Section 4. Cancer Epidemiology
  • Chapter 23. Cancer Epidemiology
    Michael J Thun, MD and Phyllis A Wingo, PhD.
    • Surveillance of Cancer in the Population
    • Temporal Trends in Cancer Occurrence in the United States
    • Survival of Patients with Cancer
    • Types of Observational Epidemiologic Studies
    • Descriptive Studies
    • Analytic Epidemiology
    • Measures of Association
    • Case-Control Studies
    • What Constitutes “Proof” in Epidemiologic Studies?
    • IARC Classification of Carcinogens
    • Summary
    • References
• Section 5. Theory and Practice of Clinical Trials
  • Chapter 24. Theory and Practice of Clinical Trials
    Marvin Zelen, PhD.
    • Types of Clinical Trials
    • Planning Clinical Trials
    • Reporting of Clinical Trials
    • Statistical Models
    • Meta-Analysis
    • Falsification of Data
    • References
    • Additional Reading
• Section 6. Cancer Prevention
  • Chapter 25. Prevention of Tobacco-Related Cancers
    Paul F Engstrom, MD, Margie Clapper, PhD, Robert A Schnoll, PhD, and C. Tracy Orleans, PhD.
    • Physiochemical Composition of Tobacco Smoke
    • Carcinogenic and Genotoxic Effects of Tobacco Constituents
    • Genetic Variation in Cancer Susceptibility
    • Strategies for Cessation
    • Smokeless Tobacco
    • Tobacco Addiction
    • Prevention of Tobacco Use
    • Summary
    • References
  • Chapter 26. Nutrition in the Etiology and Prevention of Cancer
    Steven K Clinton, MD, Elizabeth C Miller, MS, and Edward L Giovannucci, MD.
    • Methodologic Issues in Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer Studies
    • Nutrition and the Etiology of Common Cancers
    • Summary of Research Efforts Focusing on Specific Nutrients
    • References
  • Chapter 27. Chemoprevention of Cancer
    Michael B Sporn, MD and Scott M Lippman, MD.
    • Agents for Chemoprevention and Their Mechanism of Action
    • Chemoprevention Trials
    • Chemoprevention and Overall cancer Incidence
    • References
• Section 7. Cancer Screening and Early Detection
  • Chapter 28. Cancer Screening and Early Detection
    Harmon J Eyre, MD, Robert A Smith, PhD, and Curtis J Mettlin, PhD.
    • Key Criteria in the Decision to Screen
    • Methodologic Issues in the Evaluation of Early-Detection Programs
    • Breast Cancer
    • Colorectal Cancer
    • Lung Cancer
    • Prostate Cancer
    • Testicular Cancer
    • Cervical Cancer
    • Endometrial Cancer
    • Ovarian Cancer
    • Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
    • Oral Cancer
    • The Cancer-Related Checkup
    • Conclusion
    • References
• Section 8. Principles of Cancer Pathology
  • Chapter 29. Principles of Cancer Pathology
    James L Connolly, MD, Stuart J Schnitt, MD, Helen H Wang, MD, Ann M Dvorak,  MD, and Harold F Dvorak, MD.
    • Solid Tumor Structure and Tumor Stroma Generation
    • Role of the Surgical Pathologist in the Diagnosis and Management of the Cancer Patient
    • Role of the Cytopathologist
    • Role of the Immunohistochemist
    • Role of the Electron Microscopist
    • Role of the Clinical Pathologist
    • Role of the Autopsy Pathologist
    • Summary and Conclusions
    • References
• Section 9. Principles of Imaging
  • Chapter 30. Principles of Imaging
    Richard J Steckel, MD.
  • Chapter 30A. Imaging Cancer of Unknown Primary Site
    A. Robert Kagan, MD and Richard J Steckel, MD.
  • Chapter 30B. Imaging Neoplasms of the Head and Neck and Central Nervous System
    Robert B Lufkin, MD.
    • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    • CT- and MRI-Guided Aspiration Cytology
    • References
  • Chapter 30C. Imaging Neoplasms of the Thorax
    Poonam V Batra, MD.
    • Lung Cancer
    • Mediastinal Masses
    • Pleural Cancers
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 30D. Imaging Neoplasms of the Abdomen and Pelvis
    Robert A Halvorsen Jr, MD and William M Thompson, MD.
    • Diagnosis
    • Staging
    • Post-treatment Surveillance
    • Gastrointestinal Tract: Hollow Organs
    • Liver Metastases
    • Biliary Obstruction and Lesions of the Pancreas
    • Kidney
    • Tumors of the Female Reproductive Tract
    • Prostate
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 30E. Cross-Sectional Imaging of Musculoskeletal Neoplasms
    Leanne L Seeger, MD.
  • Chapter 30F. Imaging the Breast
    Lawrence W Bassett, MD.
    • Types of Mammography Examinations
    • Standardized Mammography Reporting
    • The Normal Mammogram
    • The Abnormal Mammogram
    • Mammography of the Postsurgical Breast
    • Mammography for Staging
    • Ultrasonography
    • Imaging-Guided Needle Biopsy of the Breast
    • Other Breast Imaging Modalities
    • References
  • Chapter 30G. Ultrasound in Cancer Medicine
    Edward G Grant, MD.
    • Central Nervous System Ultrasonography
    • Head and Neck Ultrasonography
    • Thoracic Ultrasonography
    • Breast Ultrasonography
    • Abdominal Ultrasonography
    • Intraoperative Ultrasonography
    • Retroperitoneal Ultrasonography
    • Pelvic and Endovaginal Ultrasonography
    • Prostatic and Transrectal Ultrasonography
    • Testicular Ultrasonography
    • Venous Ultrasonography
    • Subcutaneous Ultrasonography
    • Summary
    • References
  • Chapter 30H. Radionuclide Imaging in Cancer Medicine
    Randall A Hawkins, MD.
    • Gamma Camera Methods Including SPECT
    • Positron Emission Tomography
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 30I. Perspectives in Imaging
    Richard J Steckel, MD.
  • Chapter 31. Interventional Radiology for the Cancer Patient
    Marshall Hicks, MD, Chusilp Charnsangavej, MD, and Michael Wallace, MD.
    • Intra-arterial Therapy
    • Biopsy
    • Intratumoral Gene Therapy
    • Mechanical Devices
    • References
• Section 10. Principles of Surgical Oncology
  • Chapter 32. Principles of Surgical Oncology
    Raphael E Pollock, MD and Donald L Morton, MD.
    • Historical Considerations
    • The Contemporary Role of Surgical Oncology
    • Combined Modality Therapy
    • Cancer Management
    • Surgical Therapy
    • Surgical Oncology in the Future
    • References
  • Chapter 33. Vascular Access in Cancer Patients
    Michail Shafir, MD.
    • Indications for Central Venous Access in Oncology
    • Techniques for Placement of Central Venous Access Catheters
    • Complications of Long-term Central Venous Access
    • Prevention of Complications
    • Treatment of Complications
    • Results of Long-term Central Venous Catheters in Cancer Patients
    • Conclusion
    • References
• Section 11. Principles of Radiation Oncology
  • Chapter 34. Physical and Biologic Basis of Radiation Oncology
    Arno J Mundt, MD, John C Roeske, PhD, and Ralph R Weichselbaum, MD.
    • Physical Basis of Radiation Therapy
    • Treatment Planning and Delivery
    • Biologic Basis of Radiation Therapy
    • Future Directions
    • References
  • Chapter 35. Principles of Hyperthermia
    Daniel S Kapp, PhD, George M Hahn, PhD, and Robert W Carlson, MD.
    • Historical Perspective
    • Biologic Rationale
    • Physics and Physiology of Heating
    • Clinical Experience
    • References
  • Chapter 36. Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer
    Tayyaba Hasan, PhD, Anne C E Moor, PhD, and Bernard Ortel, MD.
    • History
    • Overview
    • Light Absorption and PDT-Relevant Photochemistry
    • Photosensitizers
    • Photosensitizer Transport and Distribution
    • Biologic Mechanisms of PDT
    • Photodynamic Therapy and Oxygen
    • Photodynamic Therapy with Molecular Delivery Systems
    • Perspectives
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
• Section 12. Principles of Medical Oncology
  • Chapter 37. Principles of Medical Oncology
    James F Holland, MD, Emil Frei III, MD, Donald W Kufe, MD, and Robert C Bast Jr, MD.
    • The Medical Oncologist’s Role
    • Clinical Responsibilities
    • Cancer Prevention
    • Clinical Research
    • Fundamental Science, Clinical Science, and Medical Art
    • Chemotherapy Trials
    • Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
    • Surrogate End Points
    • Palliative Therapy
    • Laws of Therapeutics
    • Truth Telling
    • Resuscitation
    • Burnout
    • Nomenclature: Systeme Internationale (SI) Units
    • Summary
    • References
• Section 13. Principles of Chemotherapy
  • Chapter 38. Cytokinetics
    Teresa Ann Gilewski, MD, Chau Dang, MD, Antonella Surbone, MD, and Larry Norton, MD.
    • Cell Proliferation
    • Growth Curve Analysis
    • Conclusion
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • Chapter 39. Drug Resistance and Its Clinical Circumvention
    Charles S Morrow, MD and Kenneth H Cowan, MD.
    • General Mechanisms of Drug Resistance
    • Resistance to Multiple Drugs
    • Resistance Factors Unique to Tumor Cells In Vivo: Host-Tumor-Drug Interactions
    • Approaches to Overcoming Resistance to Specific Groups of Drugs
    • Conclusion and Future Directions
    • References
  • Chapter 40. Principles of Dose, Schedule, and Combination Chemotherapy
    Emil Frei III, MD and Karen H Antman, MD.
    • Dose
    • Schedule of Drug Administration
    • Combination Chemotherapy
    • Holotherapy
    • References
  • Chapter 41. Regional Chemotherapy
    Maurie Markman, MD.
    • Pharmacokinetic Rationale for Regional Chemotherapy
    • Mathematical Model (Describing Regional Anticancer Drug Delivery)
    • Theoretical Concerns
    • Practical Issues
    • Clinical Examples
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 42. Animal Models in Developmental Therapeutics
    Samir N Khleif, MD and Gregory A Curt, MD.
    • The Role of Animal Models
    • Animal Tumor Models
    • Limitations of Animal Models
    • Animal Models in Cancer Drug Development
    • Other Animal Models
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 43. In Vitro and In Vivo Predictive Tests
    A. R Hanauske, MD.
    • In Vitro Techniques
    • Summary
    • References
  • Chapter 44. Pharmacology
    Mark J Ratain, MD and William Plunkett, MD.
    • General Mechanisms of Drug Action
    • Principles of Pharmacokinetics
    • Principles of Pharmacodynamics
    • References
  • Chapter 45. Toxicology by Organ System
    Michael R Grever, MD and Charles K Grieshaber, PhD.
    • Basic Principles of Preclinical Toxicology
    • Evaluation of Toxicity in Humans
    • Effect of Variation in Drug Metabolism on Toxicity
    • Complexity of Assessing Treatment-Related toxicity in Context of Human Disease
    • Toxicity Associated with Chemotherapy by Organ System
    • Conclusion
    • References
• Section 14. Chemotherapeutic Agents
  • Chapter 46. Folate Antagonists
    Barton A Kamen, MD, Peter D Cole, MD, and Joseph R Bertino, MD.
    • Historical overview
    • Mechanism of Actions
    • Biological Chemistry
    • Pharmacokinetics of MTX
    • Inadvertent Drug Interactions
    • Clinical Application: Dosage Schedules
    • Current Uses for MTX in the Treatment of Neoplastic Disease
    • Adverse Effects
    • Resistance to Antifolates
    • Strategies to overcome resistance to MTX
    • References
  • Chapter 47. Pyrimidine and Purine Antimetabolites
    Giuseppe Pizzorno, MD, Robert E Handschumacher, MD, and Yung-Chi Cheng, MD.
    • Pyrimidine Analogues
    • Purine Analogues
    • References
  • Chapter 48. Alkylating Agents and Platinum Antitumor Compounds
    D. Michael Colvin, MD.
    • Alkylating Agents
    • References
  • Chapter 49. Anthracyclines and DNA Intercalators/Epipodophyllotoxins/DNA Topoisomerases
    Eric H Rubin, MD and William N Hait, MD.
    • Topoisomerase Biology
    • How Drugs Poison Topoisomerases
    • Cellular Response to Topoisomerase-Mediated DNA Damage
    • Mechanisms of Resistance to Topoisomerase Targeting
    • Intercalating Topoisomerase-Targeting Drugs
    • Nonintercalating Topoisomerase-Targeting Drugs
    • References
  • Chapter 50. Microtubule-Targeting Anticancer Drugs Derived from Plants and Microbes: Vinca Alkaloids, Taxanes, and Epothilones
    William T Beck, PhD, Carol E Cass, PhD, and Peter J Houghton, PhD.
    • Vinca Alkaloids
    • Taxanes: Paclitaxel (Taxol) and Docetaxel (Taxotere)
    • Epothilones
    • Summary
    • References
  • Chapter 51. Asparaginase
    JoAnne Kurtzberg, MD.
    • Mechanism of Action, Chemistry, and In Vitro Activity
    • Conclusions
    • References
• Section 15. Principles of Endocrine Therapy
  • Chapter 52. Steroid Hormone Binding and Hormone Receptors
    Eugene R DeSombre, PhD and Elwood V Jensen, PhD.
    • Receptor Proteins in Steroid Hormone Action
    • Measurement of Estrogen and Progestin Receptors
    • Receptors and Response to Endocrine Therapy
    • Receptors and Prognosis for Cancer Recurrence
    • Summary
    • References
  • Chapter 53. Hypothalamic and Other Peptide Hormones
    Andrew V Schally, PhD and Ana Maria Comaru-Schally, MD.
    • Analogues of Peptide Hormones
    • Agonists of LHRH
    • LHRH Antagonists
    • Mode of Action of LHRH Analogues
    • Somatostatin Analogues
    • Antagonists of Bombesin and Gastrin-Releasing Peptide
    • Antagonists of Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone
    • Treatment of Various Tumors with Peptide Analogues
    • References
  • Chapter 54. Corticosteroids
    Lorraine I McKay, PhD and John A Cidlowski, PhD.
    • Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
    • Control of Corticosteroid Secretion
    • Pharmacokinetics of Corticosteroids
    • Steroid Synthesis Inhibitors
    • Pharmaceutical Derivatives
    • Physiologic and Pharmacologic Effects of Corticosteroids
    • Corticosteroids in the Treatment of Neoplasms
    • References
  • Chapter 55. Estrogens and Antiestrogens
    V. Craig Jordan, PhD.
    • Tamoxifen
    • New Agents
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 56. Clinical Use of Aromatase Inhibitors in Breast Carcinoma
    Harold A Harvey, MD.
    • Biology of Aromatase
    • Historical Development of Aromatase Inhibitors
    • Development of Improved Aromatase Inhibitors
    • Classification
    • Selection of Patients for Aromatase Inhibition Therapy
    • Future Perspectives in the Clinical Development of Aromatase Inhibitors
    • Summary
    • References
  • Chapter 57. Progestins
    Kenneth S McCarty Jr, MD and Kenneth S McCarty Sr, PhD.
    • Pharmacology
    • Clinical Observations on Progestin Receptor and Target Tissue Responses to Progestins
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 58. Androgen Deprivation Strategies in the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer
    Samuel R Denmeade, MD and John T Isaacs, PhD.
    • Cellular Organization of the Normal Prostate
    • Definition of Androgen Responsiveness on a Cellular Basis
    • Mechanism of Androgen Action
    • Overview of Regulation of Systemic Androgen Levels
    • Pharmacological Approaches to Lower Circulating Androgen
    • Androgen Deprivation Strategies for the Treatment of Recurrent and Metastatic Prostate Cancer
    • Intermittent Androgen Suppression
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 59. Paraneoplastic Syndromes
    William D Odell, MD.
    • Tumor Production of Protein Hormones or Their Precursors
    • Metabolism of Steroids
    • Tumor Production of Enzymes or Fetal Proteins
    • Tumor Production of Cytokines
    • Tumor Stimulation of Antibody Production
    • Miscellaneous Syndromes
    • Endocrine Syndromes Caused by Cancer
    • Paraneoplastic Syndromes of the Nervous System
    • Dermatologic Syndromes of Cancer
    • Glomerulonephritis
    • Hematologic Syndromes
    • Other Syndromes
    • Fever and Cancer
    • Tumor Production of Other Proteins
    • Conclusion
    • References
• Section 16. Principles of Biotherapeutics
  • Chapter 60. Immunostimulants
    Robert C Bast Jr, MD and Donald L Morton, MD.
    • Contact Allergens
    • Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
    • Chemically Defined Components of Mycobacterial Immunostimulants
    • CORYNEBACTERIUM PARVUM (PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES)
    • Other Bacterial Vaccines
    • Levamisole
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 61. Active Specific Immunotherapy with Vaccines
    Mepur H Ravindranath, PhD and Donald L Morton, MD.
    • Tumor-Host Interaction
    • Whole Cells as Cancer Vaccines
    • Clinical Trials of Tumor Vaccines
    • Current Status of Vaccine Therapy for Human Cancers
    • Future Directions
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • Chapter 62. Interferons
    Ernest C Borden, MD and Bryan R G Williams, PhD.
    • Molecules: Their Induction, Receptors, and Gene Regulation
    • Angiogenesis Inhibition
    • Antitumor Effects in Humans
    • Perspective
    • References
  • Chapter 63. Cytokines: Biology and Applications in Cancer Medicine
    Elizabeth A Grimm, PhD.
    • Interleukin-2
    • Interleukin-12
    • Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
    • Interleukin-1
    • Interleukin-6
    • Interleukin-4
    • Colony-Stimulating Factors
    • Interleukin-10
    • Interleukin-13
    • Interleukin-15
    • Conclusion
    • Acknowledgements
    • References
  • Chapter 64. Hematopoietic Growth Factors
    Razelle Kurzrock, MD.
    • Hematopoiesis and the Role of Growth Factors
    • Erythropoietin
    • Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
    • Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
    • Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
    • Stem Cell Factor
    • Thrombopoietin
    • Interleukin-1
    • Interleukin-2
    • Interleukin-3
    • Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13
    • Interleukin-5
    • Interleukin 6
    • Interleukin-7
    • Interleukin-8
    • Interleukin-9
    • Interleukin-10
    • Interleukin-11
    • Interleukin-12
    • Interleukin-15
    • Interleukin-16
    • Interleukin-17
    • Interleukin-18
    • Other Hematopoietic Growth Factors
    • Use of Hematopoietic Growth Factors after Chemotherapy
    • Hematopoietic Growth Factors in the Transplantation setting
    • Thrombopoietic Agents in the Clinic: an Overview
    • Hematopoietic Growth Factors in Bone Marrow Failure States
    • Future Perspectives
    • References
  • Chapter 65. Monoclonal Serotherapy
    Robert C Bast Jr, MD, Michael R Zalutsky, PhD, Robert J Kreitman, MD, Edward A Sausville, MD, and Arthur E Frankel, MD.
    • Therapy with Unmodified Monoclonal Antibodies
    • Elimination of Malignant Cells from Bone Marrow Ex Vivo
    • Therapy with Drug–Monoclonal Antibody Conjugates
    • Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibodies
    • Targeted Toxins
    • Conclusions
    • References
• Section 17. Principles of Gene Therapy
  • Chapter 66. Cancer Gene Therapy
    Donald W Kufe, MD, Sunil Advani, MD, and Ralph Weichselbaum, MD.
    • Gene Delivery Systems
    • Retroviruses
    • Therapeutic Genes
    • Selective Gene Expression
    • Viral Oncolysis
    • References
• Section 18. Principles of Bone Marrow Transplantation
  • Chapter 67. Autologous Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplantation
    William P Peters, MD, Caroline Hamm, MD, and Roy D Baynes, MD.
    • Rationale and Requirements for Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
    • Principles
    • Dose intensity
    • Combination Chemotherapy
    • Volume of Disease
    • Procedure
    • Specific Diseases
    • Non–Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
    • Immune Function Following Transplantation
    • Organ Toxicity
    • Future Directions
    • References
  • Chapter 68. Transplantation of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cells for the Treatment of Malignancies
    Richard J O’Reilly, MD, Esperanza B Papadopoulos, MD, and Trudy N Small, MD.
    • Biology of Allogeneic Marrow Transplants Applied to the Treatment of Hematological Neoplasia
    • Late Complications of Marrow Transplantations
    • HLA-Matched Marrow Transplants for Leukemia
    • Marrow Transplantation for Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
    • Marrow Transplantation for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
    • Marrow Transplantation for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
    • Marrow Transplantations for Myelodysplastic Syndromes
    • Marrow Transplantation for Lymphoma
    • Marrow Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma
    • Nonmyeloablative Regimens Used with Peripheral Blood Stem Cells
    • Marrow Transplantation for Patients Lacking an HLA-Identical Sibling Donor
    • T Cell–Depleted HLA-Nonidentical Related and HLA-Compatible Unrelated Marrow Grafts
    • References
• Section 19. Principles of Psycho-Oncology
  • Chapter 69. Principles of Psycho-Oncology
    Jimmie C Holland, MD and Jane Gooen-Piels, PhD.
    • Historical Perspective
    • Hearing the Diagnosis
    • Factors in Adaptation to Cancer
    • Psychosocial Problems
    • Guidelines for Recognition of Psychosocial Distress
    • Psychiatric Disorders
    • Psychiatric and Psychosocial Interventions
    • Blurring of Conventional Psychosocial and Behavioral Interventions with Alternative/ Complementary Therapies
    • Quality-of-Life Assessment
    • Family Issues
    • Grief in Surviving Family Members
    • Summary
    • References
• Section 20. Principles of Oncology Nursing
  • Chapter 70. Principles of Oncology Nursing
    Mary Johnson, RN and Connie Henke Yarbro, RN.
    • Oncology Nursing as a Specialty
    • Role of the Oncology Nurse
    • Nursing Care Related to Specific Cancer Therapies
    • Supportive Care
    • Survivorship
    • Summary
    • References
• Section 21. Principles of Cancer Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Chapter 71. Principles of Cancer Rehabilitation Medicine
    Kristjan T Ragnarsson, MD and David C Thomas, MD.
    • Application of Rehabilitation Concepts
    • The Cancer Rehabilitation and Adaptation Team
    • Functional Assessment
    • The Rehabilitation Process
    • Cancer of the Brain
    • Cancer of the Spine
    • Cancer of the Head and Neck
    • Cancer of the Lung
    • Cancer of the Breast
    • Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract
    • Cancer of the Genitourinary System
    • Cancer of the Limbs
    • Conclusion
    • References
• Section 22. Principles of Multidisciplinary Management
  • Chapter 72. Principles of Multidisciplinary Management
    James F Holland, MD, Emil Frei III, MD, Donald W Kufe, MD, Robert C Bast Jr, MD, Raphael E Pollock, MD, and Ralph R Weichselbaum, MD.
    • The Primary Physician
    • The Radiologist
    • The Pathologist
    • The Surgical Oncologist
    • The Anesthesiologist
    • The Medical Oncologist
    • The Radiation Oncologist
    • The Gynecologic Oncologist
    • The Pediatric Oncologist
    • The Psycho-oncologist
    • The Rehabilitation Specialist
    • The Nurse Oncologist
    • The Oncology Pharmacist
    • Other Support Personnel
  • Chapter 73. Palliative Care
    Alan C Carver, MD and Kathleen M Foley, MD.
    • The Role of the Oncologist
    • Suffering in the Patient, Family, and Physician
    • Guidelines in the Care of the Dying Patient
    • A Legal Mandate for Palliative Care
    • Conclusion: The Need for Education and Training in End-of-Life Care
    • References
• Section 23. Principles of Societal Oncology
  • Chapter 74. Ethical Aspects of Caring for Patients with Cancer
    Ezekiel J Emanuel, MD and Steven Joffe, MD.
    • Informed Consent
    • Human Subjects Research
    • Terminating Medical Care
    • Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia
    • Financial Incentives
    • Ethical Issues in Human Cancer Genetics
    • References
  • Chapter 75. Legal Aspects of Cancer
    Joseph M Taraska, PA.
    • Elements of Liability
    • Preventing Legal Complications
    • Consent
    • For Whose Acts Must the Physician Respond?
    • The Physician as an Expert Witness
    • Managed Care
    • Withdrawing Life Support/Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia
    • References
  • Chapter 76. The Government and Cancer Medicine
    John E Ultmann, MD, Marguerite Donoghue Baxter, RN, and Terry Lierman.
    • Legislative History of the National Cancer Institute
    • Federal Budget Process
    • Public Policy Factors Affecting Medical Research
    • Public Policy Factors Affecting Costs of Treating and Preventing Cancer
    • Tobacco And Research
    • THE MARCH: Coming Together to Conquer Cancer
    • National Dialogue on Cancer
    • Analysis
    • A Call to Action
    • Epilogue
    • References
  • Chapter 77. Clinical Oncology in a Changing Healthcare Environment
    Martin N Raber, MD and Joseph S Bailes, MD.
    • Effects of Managed Care on Providers
    • Effects of Managed Care on Insurers
    • Effects of Managed Care on Employers
    • Effects of Managed Care on Government Programs
    • Effects of Managed Care on Patients and Patient Care
    • Implications for Cancer Care
    • Demands of Patients Facing Terminal Illnesses
    • Current Strategies for the Delivery of Cancer Care
    • Future Directions in Health-Care Reform
    • References
  • Chapter 78. Outcomes Assessment
    Jane C Weeks, MD.
    • Historic Perspective
    • Outcome Measures
    • Study Designs
    • Outcomes Studies in Oncology
    • Outcomes Management
    • Summary
    • References
  • Chapter 79. Questionable Cancer Therapies
    Barrie R Cassileth, PhD.
    • The Evolution of Questionable Cancer Therapies
    • Terminology and Definitions
    • Impact on the Health Care System
    • CAM Use and Users
    • Mainstream Acceptance of CAM
    • CAM Costs and Insurance Coverage
    • CAM Therapies and Practitioners
    • CAM Practitioners and Practices
    • CAM Research Issues
    • References
    • Recommended Books
• Section 24. Neoplasms of the Central Nervous System
  • Chapter 80. Neoplasms of the Central Nervous System
    Michael D Prados, MD.
    • Epidemiology and Risk Factors
    • Molecular Genetics
    • Familial Syndromes
    • Pathology Grading Systems
    • Clinical Presentation
    • Diagnostic Neuroimaging
    • Surgical Diagnosis and Resection
    • Cortical Mapping and Interactive Image-Guided Resections
    • Postoperative Imaging
    • Clinical Trials
    • Glioblastoma Multiforme and Anaplastic Astrocytoma
    • Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma
    • Low-Grade Gliomas
    • Ependymoma
    • Brainstem Glioma
    • Spinal Cord Tumors
    • Medulloblastoma and Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors
    • Other Primary Tumors of the Central Nervous System
    • Disease Metastatic to the Central Nervous System
    • Spinal Metastases
    • Neoplastic Meningitis
    • Future Directions
    • References
• Section 25. Neoplasms of the Eye
  • Chapter 81. Neoplasms of the Eye
    David H Abramson, MD, Ira J Dunkel, MD, and Beryl McCormick, MD.
    • Ophthalmic Oncology in Children
    • Adult Ocular Tumors
    • Ophthalmic complications of radiation and chemotherapy
    • References
• Section 26. Neoplasms of the Endocrine Glands
  • Chapter 82. Pituitary Neoplasms
    Aviva Abosch, MD and Charles B Wilson, MD.
    • Prolactinomas
    • Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas
    • Mixed Adenomas
    • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone-Secreting Adenomas
    • Endocrine-Inactive Pituitary Neoplasms
    • References
  • Chapter 83. Neoplasms of the Thyroid
    Steven I Sherman, MD and Ann M Gillenwater, MD.
    • Diagnostic Evaluation of the Solitary Thyroid Nodule
    • Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
    • Medullary Thyroid Cancer
    • Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
    • References
  • Chapter 84. Neoplasms of the Adrenal Cortex
    David E Schteingart, MD.
    • Pathogenesis
    • Diagnosis
    • Differential Diagnosis
    • Imaging Characterization of Adrenal Masses
    • Staging
    • Pathologic Diagnosis
    • Management of Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma
    • Long-Term Treatment Outcome
    • The Use of Inhibitors of Adrenal Function in Patients with Functioning Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma
    • Future Prospects
    • References
  • Chapter 85. Neoplasms of the Neuroendocrine System and Neoplasms of the Gastroenteropancreatic Endocrine System
    Larry K Kvols, MD, Roger R Perry, MD, Aaron I Vinik, MD, Li-teh Wu, MD, Phillippe Chaninian,  MD, Stephen B Baylin, MD, and Norman W Thompson, MD.
    • Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Gastroenteropancreatic System
    • Parathyroid Carcinomas, Pheochromocytomas, and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
    • References
• Section 27. Neoplasms of the Head and Neck
  • Chapter 86. Head and Neck Cancer
    Gary L Clayman, MD, Scott M Lippman, MD, George E Laramore, MD, and Waun Ki Hong, MD.
    • Etiology and Epidemiology
    • Biology
    • Chemoprevention Approaches
    • Anatomy
    • Pathology
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment
    • Chemotherapy Approaches in HNSCC
    • References
  • Chapter 87. Odontogenic Tumors
    George Thomas Gallagher, DMD and Gerald Shklar, DDS.
    • Clinical, Radiographic, and Histologic Features
    • References
• Section 28. Neoplasms of the Thorax
  • Chapter 88. Cancer of the Lung
    Ara A Vaporciyan, MD, Jonathan C Nesbitt, MD, Jin Soo Lee, MD, Craig Stevens, MD, Ritsuko Komaki, MD, and Jack A Roth, MD.
    • Historical Note
    • Smoking and Lung Cancer
    • Environmental Causes of Lung Cancer
    • Familial Predisposition to Lung Cancer
    • Molecular Pathogenesis
    • Cancer Screening and Early Detection
    • Age and Lung Cancer
    • Pathology of Lung Cancer
    • Natural History
    • Diagnosis and Staging
    • Performance Status
    • General Guidelines for Management
    • Results
    • Therapy for NSCLC
    • Radiotherapy
    • Special Considerations
    • Chemotherapy for NSCLC
    • Management of SCLC
    • Conclusion and Future Prospects
    • References
  • Chapter 89. Malignant Mesothelioma
    A. Philippe Chahinian, MD and Harvey I Pass, MD.
    • Historical Perspective
    • Incidence and Epidemiology
    • Etiology
    • Other Etiologic Factors
    • Pathology
    • Clinical Features
    • Prognostic Factors
    • Other Types of Malignant Mesotheliomas
    • Benign Mesotheliomas
    • Differential Diagnosis
    • Treatment
    • Prospectus and Prevention
    • References
  • Chapter 90. Thymomas and Thymic
    A. Philippe Chahinian, MD.
    • Epidemiology and Etiology
    • Anatomic Pathogenesis
    • Clinical Features
    • Associated Paraneoplastic Syndromes
    • Diagnosis
    • Differential Diagnosis
    • Staging
    • Therapy
    • References
  • Chapter 91. Tumors of the Heart and Great Vessels
    A. Philippe Chahinian, MD, David E Gutstein, MD, and Valentin Fuster, MD.
    • Cardiac Tumors
    • Tumors of the Great Vessels
    • References
  • Chapter 92. Primary Germ Cell Tumors of the Thorax
    John D Hainsworth, MD and F. Anthony Greco, MD.
    • Benign Teratomas of the Mediastinum
    • Malignant Germ Cell Tumors
    • Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma of the Mediastinum
    • References
  • Chapter 93. Metastatic Tumors in the Thorax
    Donald L Morton, MD and Perry Shen, MD.
    • Molecular and Genetic Basis for Pulmonary Metastases
    • Diagnosis and Imaging
    • Nonsurgical Treatment of Pulmonary Metastases
    • Surgical Treatment of Pulmonary Metastases
    • Pediatric Tumors
    • Summary
    • References
• Section 29. Neoplasms of the Alimentary Canal
  • Chapter 94. Neoplasms of the Esophagus
    Mark K Ferguson, MD.
    • Anatomy and Histology
    • Etiology
    • Epidemiology
    • Presentation
    • Diagnosis
    • Staging Evaluation
    • Therapy
    • Palliative Therapy of Esophageal Obstruction
    • References
  • Chapter 95. Neoplasms of the Stomach
    Howard W Bruckner, MD, John C Morris, MD, and Paul Mansfield, MD.
    • History
    • Demographics
    • Etiology
    • Clinical Manifestations
    • Laboratory Tests
    • Surgery for Gastric Cancer
    • Treatment of Gastric Cancer
    • Adjuvant Biologic Response Modifier Therapy of Gastric Cancer
    • Regional Chemotherapy
    • Radiation for Gastric Cancer
    • Perspectives
    • References
  • Chapter 96. Primary Neoplasms of the Liver
    Paul F Engstrom, MD, Elin Sigurdson, MD, and Alison A Evans, PhD.
    • Epidemiology
    • Risk Factors
    • Molecular Pathogenesis
    • Prevention
    • Clinical Presentation
    • Pathologic Diagnosis
    • Staging and Prognosis
    • Imaging Modalities
    • Management
    • Other Primary Hepatic Neoplasms
    • References
  • Chapter 97. Treatment of Liver Metastases
    Nancy E Kemeny, MD and Yuman Fong, MD.
    • Imaging Techniques
    • Liver Resection
    • Adjuvant Chemotherapy
    • Systemic Chemotherapy
    • Hepatic Arterial Chemotherapy
    • Cryosurgery
    • Radiofrequency Ablation
    • Embolization
    • Chemoembolization
    • Radiation Therapy
    • Percutaneous Ethanol Injection
    • Summary
    • References
  • Chapter 98. The Gallbladder
    Steven A Curley, MD.
    • Gallbladder Carcinoma
    • References
  • Chapter 99. Diagnosis and Management of Biliary Tract Cancer
    Steven A Curley, MD.
    • Causative Factors
    • Clinical Presentation
    • Pathology
    • Diagnostic Studies
    • Treatment of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
    • Hilar Bile Duct Cholangiocarcinoma
    • References
  • Chapter 100. Neoplasms of the Ampulla of Vater
    Douglas B Evans, MD and Robert A Wolff, MD.
    • Diagnostic Evaluation
    • Treatment
    • Associated Syndromes
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • Chapter 101. Neoplasms of the Exocrine Pancreas
    Robert A Wolff, MD, James L Abbruzzese, MD, and Douglas B Evans, MD.
    • Epidemiology
    • Pathology
    • Molecular Biology of Pancreatic Cancer
    • Symptom Patterns
    • Diagnostic Imaging
    • Biliary Drainage
    • Treatment of Localized, Potentially Resectable Disease
    • Treatment of Locally Advanced Disease
    • Treatment of Metastatic Disease
    • References
  • Chapter 102. Neoplasms of the Small Intestine, Vermiform Appendix, and Peritoneum
    Erik Barquist, MD and Michael Zinner, MD.
    • Tumors of the Small Intestine
    • Tumors of the Appendix
    • Neoplasms of the Peritoneum
    • References
  • Chapter 103. Adenocarcinoma of the Colon and Rectum
    Howard W Bruckner, MD, John Pitrelli, MD, and Marnin Merrick, MD.
    • Pathology
    • Staging
    • Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer
    • Tumor Markers
    • Screening
    • Clinical Approach
    • Principles of Colorectal Surgery
    • Radiation Therapy
    • Summary
    • Summary
    • References
    • Additional Reading
  • Chapter 104. Neoplasms of the Anus
    Brenda Shank, MD, Warren E Enker, MD, and Marshall S Flam, MD.
    • Gross and Microscopic Anatomy
    • Epidemiology
    • Etiology
    • Pathology
    • Diagnosis
    • Staging
    • Treatment
    • Melanoma
    • References
• Section 30. Neoplasms of the Genitourinary Tract
  • Chapter 105. Renal Cell Carcinoma
    Jerome P Richie, MD, Philip W Kantoff, MD, and Charles L Shapiro, MD.
    • Pathogenesis
    • Incidence
    • Etiology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Clinical Features
    • Radiographic Evaluation
    • Staging and Grading
    • Surgical Treatment
    • Adjuvant Therapy
    • Treatment of Metastatic Disease
    • Future Directions in Therapy
    • Surgical Considerations for Metastatic Disease
    • Sarcomas of Renal Origin
    • Wilms’ Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
    • Renal Oncocytoma
    • References
  • Chapter 106. Neoplasms of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter
    Jerome P Richie, MD and Philip W Kantoff, MD.
    • Molecular Changes
    • Histopathology
    • Diagnosis
    • Staging
    • Treatment
    • Secondary Tumors of the Ureter
    • References
  • Chapter 107. Bladder Cancer
    Philip W Kantoff, MD, Anthony L Zietman, MD, and Kenneth Wishnow, MD.
    • Epidemiology
    • Biology
    • Pathology
    • Signs and Symptoms
    • Diagnostic Evaluation
    • Staging
    • Superficial Bladder Carcinoma
    • Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
    • Chemotherapy for Metastatic Disease
    • References
  • Chapter 108. Neoplasms of the Prostate
    William K OH, MD, Mark Hurwitz, MD, Anthony V D’Amico, MD, Jerome P Richie, MD, and Philip W Kantoff, MD.
    • Introduction
    • Epidemiology and Risk Factors
    • Biology of Prostate Cancer
    • Screening for Prostate Cancer
    • Diagnosis and Staging of Prostate Cancer
    • Prognostic Factors in Localized Prostate Cancer
    • Management of Localized Prostate Cancer
    • Radical Prostatectomy
    • Radiation Therapy
    • Comparison of Treatment Options
    • Management of Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer
    • Management of Disseminated Cancer
    • Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer
    • New Approaches to Prostate Cancer Therapy
    • References
  • Chapter 109. Neoplasms of the Penis
    Victor A Marcial, MD, A. Puras, MD, and V. A Marcial-Vega, MD.
    • Epidemiology
    • Etiology
    • Anatomic Pathogenesis
    • Intraepithelial Epidermoid Carcinoma
    • Invasive Epidermoid Carcinoma
    • Radiotherapy
    • Chemotherapy
    • Prognosis
    • Prevention
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • Chapter 110. Neoplasms of the Testis
    Craig R Nichols, MD, Robert Timmerman, MD, Richard S Foster, MD, Bruce J Roth, MD, and Lawrence H Einhorn, MD.
    • Epidemiology
    • Pathology
    • Clinical Presentation
    • Staging
    • Therapy
    • Treatment Versus Cancer Stage
    • Therapy for Disseminated Disease
    • Treatment of Good-Risk Disseminated Germ Cell Tumors
    • Treatment of Patients with “Poor-Risk” Disseminated Disease
    • High-Dose Chemotherapy
    • Treatment of Multiply Recurrent Germ Cell Cancer
    • Special Situations
    • Long-Term Toxicity of Chemotherapy
    • Long-Term Toxicity of Radiation Therapy
    • Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors
    • References
• Section 31. Neoplasms of the Female Reproductive Organs
  • Chapter 111. Neoplasms of the Vulva and Vagina
    Jacob Rotmensch, MD and Arthur L Herbst, MD.
    • The Vulva
    • Carcinoma of the Vagina
    • References
  • Chapter 112. Neoplasms of the Cervix
    J. Taylor Wharton, MD and Guillermo Tortolero-Luna, MD.
    • Epidemiology
    • Diagnosis and Treatment
    • Current Practice
    • Future Opportunities
    • References
  • Chapter 113. Endometrial Cancer
    Carmel J Cohen, MD, Gillian M Thomas, MD, and George S Hagopian, MD.
    • Risk Factors
    • Pathology
    • Diagnosis
    • Staging
    • Prognostic Factors
    • Oncogene activation and Loss of Tumor Suppressor Function
    • Treatment of Primary Disease
    • Treatment of Recurrent Disease
    • Future
    • References
  • Chapter 114. Neoplasms of the Fallopian Tube
    Carmel J Cohen, MD, Gillian M Thomas, MD, and George S Hagopian, MD.
    • Incidence and Epidemiology
    • Clinical Presentation
    • Preoperative Diagnosis
    • Clinicopathologic Classification and Staging
    • Patterns of Spread
    • Prognostic Factors
    • Treatment
    • Prognosis
    • Other Malignant Fallopian Tube Neoplasms
    • References
  • Chapter 115. Ovarian Cancer
    Jonathan S Berek, MD, Gillian M Thomas, MD, and Robert F Ozols, MD.
    • Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
    • Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
    • Nonepithelial Ovarian Cancer
    • Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors
    • Uncommon Ovarian Tumors
    • Metastatic Tumors
    • References
  • Chapter 116. Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
    Ross S Berkowitz, MD and Donald P Goldstein, MD.
    • Historical Perspective
    • Epidemiology
    • Histopathologic Classification of GTD
    • Molecular Pathogenesis
    • Natural History
    • Diagnosis
    • Staging
    • Therapy
    • Results of Therapy
    • Subsequent Pregnancies
    • Second Cancers
    • References
  • Chapter 117. Gynecologic Sarcomas
    Carmel J Cohen, MD, Gillian M Thomas, MD, and George S Hagopian, MD.
    • Clinical Profile
    • Diagnosis
    • Sarcoma-Like Variants
    • Patterns of Spread
    • Prognostic Factors and Prognosis
    • Nonuterine Gynecologic Sarcomas
    • Surgical Treatment
    • Postsurgical Therapy for Gynecologic Sarcomas
    • Hormone Therapy
    • Radiation Therapy for Leiomyosarcoma
    • Radiation Therapy for Malignant Mixed Müllerian Tumors
    • Chemotherapy
    • References
• Section 32. Neoplasms of the Breast
  • Chapter 118. Neoplasms of the Breast
    Richard G Margolese, MD, Bernard Fisher, MD, Gabriel N Hortobagyi, MD, and William D Bloomer, MD.
    • Pathology
    • Relation of Tumor Characteristics to Outcome
    • Epidemiology
    • Risk Factors
    • Breast Cancer Biology
    • Natural History and Prognostic Markers
    • Diagnosis and Screening
    • Psychosocial Aspects of Breast Cancer
    • Surgical Biology
    • Systemic Adjuvant Therapy
    • Issues for Further Study Regarding Therapy
    • Management of Metastatic Breast Cancer
    • New Drugs
    • Prevention of Invasive Breast Cancer in Women with Intraductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS)
    • Prevention of Invasive Breast Cancer in Women at Increased Risk
    • Perspectives
    • References
• Section 33. Neoplasms of the Skin
  • Chapter 119. Neoplasms of the Skin
    Thomas B Fitzpatrick, MD.
    • The Ozone Layer
    • Ultraviolet Radiation in the Carcinogenesis of Skin Cancers
    • Tumors Arising from the Epidermis
    • Tumors Arising from Mucosa
    • Tumors Arising from Dermal Connective Tissues
    • Tumors Arising from Appendages
    • Metastatic Carcinoma
    • Lymphomas and Leukemias
    • References
• Section 34. Malignant Melanoma
  • Chapter 120. Malignant Melanoma
    Donald L Morton, MD, Richard Essner, MD, John M Kirkwood, MD, and Robert C Wollman, MD.
    • History of Melanoma
    • Epidemiology and Etiology
    • Precursor Lesions
    • Clinical Characteristics
    • Prognostic Features of Clinically Localized Disease
    • Prognostic Features of Regional Lymph Node Metastases
    • Prognostic Features of Distant Metastases
    • Management of Primary Melanoma
    • Management of Regional Lymph Nodes
    • Management of Distant Metastases
    • Future Horizons
    • References
• Section 35. Neoplasms of the Bone and Soft Tissue
  • Chapter 121. Bone Tumors
    Gerald Rosen, MD, Charles A Forscher, MD, Henry J Mankin, MD, and Michael T Selch, MD.
    • Classification of Benign and Malignant Bone Tumors
    • Staging of Bone Tumors
    • Bone-Producing Tumors
    • Fibrous Lesions of Bone
    • Cartilage Tumors of Bone
    • Bone Tumors of Vascular or Uncertain Histogenesis
    • Malignant Vascular Lesions of Bone
    • References
  • Chapter 122. Sarcomas of Nonosseous Tissues
    Peter W T Pisters, MD, Brian O’Sullivan, MD, and George D Demetri, MD.
    • Etiology and Screening
    • Clinical Presentation, Classification, and Diagnosis
    • Staging and Prognostic Factors
    • Treatment of Localized Primary Soft-Tissue Sarcoma
    • Treatment of Locally Advanced Disease
    • Treatment of Metastatic Soft-Tissue Sarcoma
    • Specific Clinical Situations
    • Special Issues in Soft-Tissue Sarcoma Management
    • Summary
    • References
• Section 36. Neoplasms of the Hematopoitic System
  • Chapter 123. Myelodysplastic Syndrome
    Lewis R Silverman, MD.
    • History
    • Classification
    • Etiology
    • Pathobiology
    • Clinical and Laboratory Features
    • Pathogenesis and Relation to Leukemic Transformation
    • Treatment
    • Clinical Management
    • Future Directions
    • References
  • Chapter 124. Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Adults
    Charles A Schiffer, MD and Richard M Stone, MD.
    • Pathogenesis and Etiology
    • Morphologic Classification and Clinical and Laboratory Correlates
    • Presenting Signs and Symptoms
    • Therapy
    • New Approaches
    • Complications
    • Summary
    • References
  • Chapter 125. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
    Richard T Silver, MD.
    • Incidence and Epidemiology
    • Etilogy
    • Clinical and Hematologic Characteristics
    • Terminal Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
    • Pathophysiology
    • Cytogenetics
    • Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) Test
    • Molecular Biology of CML
    • Treatment
    • Treatment of Blast Crisis
    • Bone Marrow Transplantation
    • Cytogenetic and Molecular Follow-Up
    • Future Directions
    • References
  • Chapter 126. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia in Adults
    Charles A Schiffer, MD and Richard A Larson, MD.
    • “Biologic” Differences Between Adult and Childhood ALL
    • Therapy
    • Future Prospects
    • References
  • Chapter 127. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
    Kanti R Rai, MD and Michael J Keating, MD.
    • Historical Perspective
    • Incidence and Epidemiology
    • Immunobiology and Immunophenotype of CLL Cells
    • Clinical Consequences of Defective B- and T-Cell Functions
    • Natural History and Terminal Events
    • Clinical Staging and Other Prognostic Features
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 128. Hairy-Cell Leukemia
    Harvey M Golomb, MD and James Vardiman, MD.
    • Epidemiology and Etiology
    • Diagnosis: Morphologic and Immunophenotypic Features
    • Clinical Manifestations
    • Differential Diagnosis
    • Treatment
    • Future Prospects
    • References
  • Chapter 129. Hodgkin’s Disease
    Peter Mauch, MD and James O Armitage, MD.
    • History
    • Epidemiology and Etiology
    • Pathology
    • Treatment of Stage I-II Hodgkin’s Disease
    • Treatment of Advanced Hodgkin’s Disease
    • Summary
    • References
  • Chapter 130. Non–Hodgkin’s Lymphomas
    Arnold S Freedman, MD and Lee M Nadler, MD.
    • Epidemiology and Etiology
    • Pathology, Immunobiology, and Natural History
    • Differential Diagnosis and Sites of Disease at Presentation
    • Staging and Disease Detection
    • Disease Parameters Which Influence Prognosis and Assessment of Disease Response
    • Therapeutic Approaches According to Real
    • References
  • Chapter 131. Mycosis Fungoides and the Sézary Syndrome
    Youn H Kim, MD and Richard T Hoppe, MD.
    • Epidemiology and Etiology
    • Pathology/Pathogenesis
    • Natural History
    • Diagnosis
    • Staging and Prognosis
    • Therapy
    • References
  • Chapter 132. Plasma Cell Tumors
    Kenneth C Anderson, MD.
    • Multiple Myeloma
    • Other Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
    • References
  • Chapter 133. Mast Cell Leukemia and Other Mast Cell Neoplasms
    Richard M Stone, MD and Steven H Bernstein, MD.
    • Mast Cell Biology
    • Mast Cell Leukemia and Other Mast Cell Neoplasms
    • References
  • Chapter 134. Polycythemia Vera and Essential Thrombocythemia
    Scott Murphy, MD.
    • Pathophysiology
    • Clinical Features
    • Laboratory Findings and Differential Diagnosis
    • Natural History and Therapy
    • References
• Section 37. Neoplasms in AIDS
  • Chapter 135. Neoplasms in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
    David T Scadden, MD.
    • Epidemiology
    • Kaposi’s Sarcoma
    • Non–Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL)
    • Hodgkin’s Disease
    • Squamous Cell Neoplasia
    • References
• Section 38. Neoplasms of Unknown Primary Site
  • Chapter 136. Neoplasms of Unknown Primary Site
    John D Hainsworth, MD and F. Anthony Greco, MD.
    • Poorly Differentiated Neoplasms
    • Adenocarcinoma of Unknown Primary Site
    • Squamous Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site
    • Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site
    • Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site
    • Summary
    • References
• Section 39. Neoplasms in Children
  • Chapter 137A. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology
    Michael A Weiner, MD.
  • Chapter 137B. Incidence, Origins, Epidemiology
    Leslie L Robison, PhD.
    • Acute Leukemia
    • Central Nervous System Tumors
    • Lymphomas
    • Neuroblastoma
    • Retinoblastoma
    • Wilms’ Tumor
    • Bone Tumors
    • Rhabdomyosarcoma
    • References
  • Chapter 137C. Principles of Pediatric Radiation Oncology
    John C Breneman, MD and Ashwatha Narayana, MD.
    • Psychosocial Issues
    • Technical Considerations
    • Biologic Issues
    • References
  • Chapter 137D. Late Effects of Treatment of Cancer in Children and Adolescents
    Daniel M Green, MD.
    • Central Nervous System
    • Vision
    • Hearing
    • Teeth and Salivary Glands
    • Heart
    • Lungs
    • Kidneys
    • Bladder
    • Liver
    • Intestine
    • Musculoskeletal System
    • Endocrine System
    • Second Malignant Tumors
    • References
  • Chapter 138A. Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
    Paul S Gaynon, MD, Michael E Trigg, MD, and Fatih M Uckun, MD.
    • Heterogeneity
    • Response and Outcome
    • Advances in Primary Therapy
    • Treatment After Relapse
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 138B. Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia
    Richard Aplenc, MD and Beverly Lange, MD.
    • Epidemiology
    • Etiology
    • Classification and Diagnosis
    • Presentation
    • Therapy
    • Prognosis
    • Supportive Care
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 138C. Hodgkin’s Disease in Children and Adolescents
    Allen Chauvenet, MD, Cindy L Schwartz, MD, and Michael A Weiner, MD.
    • Clinical Presentation and Staging
    • Biology
    • Treatment
    • Late Effects of Childhood Hodgkin’s Disease
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 138D. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma in Children
    Mitchell S Cairo, MD and Sherrie Perkins, MD.
    • Introduction/Epidemiology
    • Clinical Presentation/Staging
    • Summary/Future Consideration
    • References
  • Chapter 138E. Langerhans’ Cell Histiocytosis
    Kara M Kelly, MD.
    • The Histiocytic Disorders
    • References
  • Chapter 139A. Hepatic Tumors
    Marcio Henrique Malogolowkin, MD.
    • Pathologic Characteristics
    • Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
    • Treatment
    • Perspectives
    • References
  • Chapter 139B. Renal Tumors of Childhood
    Paul E Grundy, MD, Daniel M Green, MD, Norman E Breslow, PhD, Michael L Ritchey, MD, and Patrick R M Thomas, MB.
    • Epidemiology
    • Molecular Biology and Genetics
    • Pathology
    • Clinical Presentation
    • Preoperative Evaluation
    • Staging
    • Therapy
    • Prognostic Factors
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • Chapter 139C. Germ Cell Tumors
    Barbara Cushing, MD and Neyssa Marina, MD.
    • Pathology
    • Molecular Biology and Genetics
    • Clinical Presentation
    • Treatment and Outcome
    • References
  • Chapter 139D. Neuroblastoma
    Katherine K Matthay, MD and Darrell J Yamashiro, MD.
    • Epidemiology
    • Molecular Pathogenesis
    • Prognostic Markers
    • Diagnosis and Staging
    • Treatment
    • Conclusions and Future Plans
    • References
  • Chapter 139E. Soft Tissue Sarcomas of Childhood
    Leonard H Wexler, MD and Lee J Helman, MD.
    • Rhabdomyosarcoma
    • Nonrhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcomas
    • Conclusion
    • References
• Section 40. Complications of Cancer and its treatment
  • Chapter 140. Management of Cancer Pain
    Alan C Carver, MD and Kathleen M Foley, MD.
    • Scope of the Problem
    • Barriers to Cancer Pain Management
    • Mechanisms of Cancer Pain
    • Neurophysiology of Pain
    • Types of Pain
    • Common Pain Syndromes in Patients with Cancer
    • Strategy for Assessment and Treatment
    • Pharmacologic Approaches
    • Psychological and Behavioral Approaches
    • Anesthetic Approaches
    • Neurosurgical Approaches
    • Sedation in the Imminently Dying
    • References
  • Chapter 141. Anorexia and Cachexia
    Takao Ohnuma, MD.
    • Introduction and Historical Perspective
    • Incidence
    • Etiology
    • Manifestations of Cachexia
    • Treatment of Cachexia
    • Epilogue
    • References
  • Chapter 142. Antiemetic Therapy
    Richard J Gralla, MD.
    • Physiology and Pharmacology in Controlling Emesis
    • Emetic Problems
    • Control of Emesis and Patient Characteristics
    • Treatment of Acute Chemotherapy-Induced Emesis
    • Controlling Emesis in Special Situations
    • Pharmacoeconomics, Quality of Life, and Antiemetics
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 143. Neurologic Complications
    Lisa M DeAngelis, MD and Jerome B Posner, MD.
    • Metastases
    • Nonmetastatic Complications
    • References
  • Chapter 144. Dermatologic Complications of Cancer Chemotherapy
    Narin Apisarnthanarax, MD and Madeleine Duvic, MD.
    • Alopecia
    • Stomatitis
    • Nail Reactions
    • Extravasation Reactions
    • Hyperpigmentation
    • Radiation-Associated Reactions
    • Photosensitivity Reactions
    • Inflammation of Keratoses
    • Hypersensitivity Reactions
    • Acral Erythema
    • Neutrophilic Eccrine Hidradenitis
    • Eccrine Squamous Syringometaplasia
    • Cutaneous Eruption of Lymphocyte Recovery
    • Cytokine and Miscellaneous Reactions
    • References
  • Chapter 145. Skeletal Complications
    Samuel Kenan, MD and Gabriel N Hortobagyi, MD.
    • Skeletal Metastases
    • Steroid-Induced Skeletal Complications
    • Methotrexate-Induced Osteopathy
    • Skeletal Complications Secondary to Radiation Therapy
    • References
  • Chapter 146. Hematologic Complications and Blood Bank Support
    Kenneth C Anderson, MD.
    • Normal Hematopoiesis
    • Hematopoiesis
    • Causes of Pancytopenia
    • Abnormalities of Red Cells and Red Cell Support
    • Abnormalities of White Cells and White Cell Support
    • Abnormalities of Platelets and Platelet Support
    • Other Therapeutic Modalities
    • Effects of Transfusion on the Immune System
    • Transfusion-Associated Graft-Versus-Host Disease
    • Transfusion-Related Infectious Diseases
    • Future Directions in Blood Component Therapy
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 147. Coagulopathic Complications of Cancer
    Sabine Eichinger, MD and Kenneth A Bauer, MD.
    • Cancer-Related Coagulopathic Complications
    • Treatment-Related Coagulopathic Complications
    • References
  • Chapter 148. Urologic Complications
    Christopher J Logothetis, MD and Jose E Sarriera, MD.
    • Complications Resulting from Primary Cancer Progression
    • Hemorrhagic Cystitis
    • Radiation Nephritis
    • Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Nephrotoxicity of Cancer Therapeutic Agents
    • Monitoring for Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity
    • References
  • Chapter 149. Cardiac Complications
    Michael S Ewer, MD and Robert S Benjamin, MD.
    • Evaluation of the Cardiovascular System in the Cancer Patient
    • Metastatic Involvement of Cardiac Structures
    • Cardiac Effects of Mediator Release from Tumors
    • Cardiac Dysrhythmia in the Cancer Patient
    • Cardiac Complications of Cancer Treatment
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Chapter 150. Respiratory Complications
    Roy B Jones, PhD.
    • Pulmonary Evaluation
    • Specific Complications
    • Conclusion and Perspective
    • References
  • Chapter 151. Liver Function and Hepatotoxicity in Cancer
    Laurie D DeLeve, MD.
    • Alterations in Hepatic Metabolism of Drugs
    • Liver Toxicity and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
    • Hepatotoxicity by Anticancer Therapy
    • References
  • Chapter 152. Gastrointestinal Complications
    Frank A Sinicrope, MD and Bernard Levin, MD.
    • Esophageal Carcinoma
    • Esophagitis
    • Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
    • Pseudomembranous Colitis
    • Typhlitis
    • Chemotherapy-Related Ileus
    • Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction
    • Diarrhea
    • Hepatic Complications of Bone Marrow Transplantation
    • Infectious Hepatitis
    • Acute Pancreatitis
    • Radiation Coloproctitis and Proctitis
    • Anorectal Complications
    • References
  • Chapter 153. Oral Complications
    Stephen T Sonis, DMD.
    • Pretreatment Assessment
    • Oral Complications of RadioTherapy
    • Oral Complications of Cancer Chemotherapy
    • Oral Complications Associated with Bone Marrow Transplantation
    • References
  • Chapter 154. Gonadal Complications
    Catherine E Klein, MD.
    • The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
    • Historical Background
    • Preclinical Studies
    • Effects of Chemotherapy on Gonadal Function
    • Effects of Radiation Therapy on Gonadal Function
    • Protective Measures
    • Outcome of Pregnancy
    • Psychosocial Issues
    • References
  • Chapter 155. Endocrine Complications
    S. Jim Yeung, MD and Robert F Gagel, MD.
    • Hypothalamic-Pituitary Dysfunction
    • Thyroid Disorders
    • Diabetes Mellitus
    • Metabolic Bone Diseases
    • Adrenal Diseases
    • Disorders of Growth Hormone Secretion and Growth
    • Disorders of Electrolyte/Mineral Metabolism
    • Disorders of Lipid Metabolism
    • Sexual Dysfunction
    • References
  • Chapter 156. Secondary Cancers: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Management
    Susan R Rheingold, MD, Alfred I Neugut, MD, and Anna T Meadows, MD.
    • Incidence of Secondary Cancer
    • Clinical Characteristics
    • Shared Environmental Risk Factors
    • Genetic Risk Factors
    • Therapy-Related Secondary Cancers
    • Conclusion
    • References
• Section 41. Infections in Patients with Cancer
  • Chapter 157. Infections in Patients with Cancer
    Kenneth V I Rolston, MD and Gerald P Bodey, MD.
    • Factors Responsible for increased Susceptibility to Infections
    • Bacterial Infections
    • Fungal Infections
    • Viral Infections
    • Protozoal Infections
    • Other Parasitic Infections
    • Abdominal Infection
    • Perianal Infections
    • Skin Infections
    • Therapy of Infections in Neutropenic Patients
    • Infection Prevention
    • Perspectives
    • References
• Section 42. Oncologic Emergencies
  • Chapter 158. Oncologic Emergencies
    John C Morris, MD and James F Holland, MD.
    • Sudden Death
    • Malignant Pericardial Tamponade
    • Pulmonary Embolism
    • Syncope in the Cancer Patient
    • Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
    • Bleeding in the Cancer Patient
    • Chemotherapy Extravasation
    • Respiratory Emergencies
    • Tumor Lysis Syndrome
    • Cytokine Release Syndrome
    • References
• Section 43. Oncology and the Information Revolution
  • Chapter 159. Oncology and the Information Revolution
    Edward P Ambinder, MD.
    • Healthcare Policy and Information Technology
    • Medical and Oncologic Informatics
    • Information Overload
    • Overview of Computers
    • Personal Digital Assistant
    • Internet
    • Information Management
    • Major Medical Databases of Interest to the Oncologist
    • Clinical and Research Uses of Computers in Medical Oncology
    • Oncology office and Hospital Information Systems
    • References

An approved publication of the American Cancer Society

Associate Editor: Ted S Gansler, MD, MBA, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia

Notice: The authors and publisher have made every effort to ensure that the patient care recommended herein, including choice of drugs and drug dosages, is in accord with the accepted standard and practice at the time of publication. However, since research and regulation constantly change clinical standards, the reader is urged to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug, which includes recommended doses, warnings, and contraindications. This is particular important with new or infrequently used drugs.